Tolerance Education in Indonesian High School Islamic Textbooks: A Comparison of Kurikulum Merdeka and K-13
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Abstract
Islamic Religious Education (PAI) textbooks play a pivotal role in shaping students' moral and social values, yet their capacity to foster tolerance amid rising intolerance in high schools remains underexplored. This study investigates tolerance content in official PAI textbooks published by the Ministry of Education and Culture under the Merdeka and 2013 Curricula. Employing a qualitative content analysis approach, the research analyzes a purposive corpus of six PAI textbooks (Teacher's and Student's books for Grades X, XI, and XII). Findings reveal 166 integrated tolerance items, with the Merdeka Curriculum offering a more systematic distribution than the 2013 Curriculum, despite uneven chapter allocations. Qualitatively, the content encompasses dimensions of interfaith coexistence, internal community harmony, and religious freedom. The study concludes that addressing practical gaps is essential alongside content rebalancing. Strategically, this research recommends the development of supplementary learning modules utilizing problem-based learning, the establishment of specific evaluation instruments to measure tolerance internalization, the integration of digital tolerance literacy, and teacher pedagogical training to effectively foster an inclusive learning environment.
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