Mujtama' al-Makhāṭir fī Madīnat Jākartā: Taḥlīl fī Ḍaw' Mafhūmay al-'Umrān wa-al-'Aṣabiyyah 'inda Ibn Khaldūn مجتمع المخاطر في مدينة جاكرتا: تحليل في ضوء مفهومي العمران والعصبية عند ابن خلدون

Abstract

Jakarta's rapid urban modernization has generated distinct patterns of manufactured risk in the sense proposed by Ulrich Beck, as the accompanying transformation of its economic and social structures produces an uneven distribution of risk. This is reflected in widening social inequality, persistent poverty, and rising crime rates as social consequences of this uneven distribution, rather than manufactured risks in themselves. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of the risk society through Ulrich Beck's theory and to examine its interpretive and critical potential in light of Ibn Khaldun's concepts of al-'umran and 'aṣabiyyah. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this research relies on a literature review using scientific articles, books, and statistical reports concerning urban communities in Jakarta, as well as Ibn Khaldun's concepts of al-'umran and 'aṣabiyyah. The findings indicate that urban modernization, which is primarily oriented toward material development, generates various social risks, including widening social inequality, weakened social solidarity, and increasing vulnerability among urban populations. From Ibn Khaldun's perspective, the sustainability of civilization depends not only on economic progress and infrastructure development but also on the strength of 'aṣabiyyah and the consolidation of moral and religious values within society. This study concludes that the concepts of al-'umran and 'aṣabiyyah remain a relevant intellectual foundation for interpreting and critiquing the challenges of modern cities, such that the goal of development extends beyond economic growth to encompass social justice and societal stability.